This issue of CHP/PCOR's quarterly newsletter, which covers news from the summer 2006 quarter, includes articles about:

• research by CHP/PCOR investigators that influenced the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to recommend widespread voluntary HIV screening for all Americans ages 13 to 64 -- a significant change from the CDC's previous HIV screening guidelines;
• a CHP/PCOR study on patient safety culture in U.S. hospitals -- the largest effort to date to measure hospitals' safety culture and seek to improve it through an intervention that gets hospital executives out of their offices and on to the hospital floors;
• an early-stage project in which CHP/PCOR is collaborating with the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law to study the relationship between health interventions, governance and development;
• an evidence report examining the challenges of diagnosing and treating anthrax in children, prepared by the Stanford-UCSF Evidence-based Practice Center; and
• a study by CHP/PCOR fellow Kate Bundorf which found that depending on the definition of "affordability" that is used, health insurance is "affordable" to between one-quarter and three-quarters of the uninsured -- and many of those who can't afford insurance purchase it anyway.

Several factors are changing the landscape of cervical cancer control, including a better understanding of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV), reliable assays for detecting high-risk HPV infections, and a soon to be available HPV-16/18 vaccine. There are important differences in the relevant policy questions for different settings. By synthesizing and integrating the best available data, the use of modeling in a decision analytic framework can identify those factors most likely to influence outcomes, can guide the design of future clinical studies and operational research, can provide insight into the cost-effectiveness of different strategies, and can assist in early decision-making when considered with criteria such as equity, public preferences, and political and cultural constraints

In this paper, we investigate the meaning of "affordability" in the context of health insurance. Assessing the relationship between the affordability of coverage and the large number of uninsured in the U.S. is important for understanding the barriers to purchasing coverage and evaluating the role of policy in reducing the number of uninsured. We propose several definitions of affordability and examine the implications of alternative definitions for estimates of the proportion of uninsured who are unable to afford coverage. We find that, depending on the definition, health insurance was affordable to between one-quarter and three-quarters of the uninsured in the United States in 2000.

Objective:

To describe an academic medical center's experience with housestaff involvement in the implementation of a new clinical information system, with particular emphasis on resident contributions in tailoring the technology to meet the workflow needs of the center.

Methods:

A resident advisory group was formed to tailor the new system. Housestaff developed user interface screens to streamline presentation of patient data. Order sets were developed, offering an opportunity for education in standardized care and "best practice." A rounds report displays aggregated patient specific data for use in prerounding and rapid assessment of patient information. A sign-out tool was designed to facilitate transfer of information during change of shift.

Results:

Residents contributed in tailoring the technology to meet the workflow needs of our academic medical center setting.

Conclusion:

The design and implementation of a new clinical information system can be used to introduce concepts important in practice-based learning and systems-based practice.

HYPOTHESIS: A handheld wand-scanning device (1.5 lb, battery powered, 10 x 10 x 1.5 in) has been developed to detect commonly used surgical gauze sponges, which have been tagged with a radiofrequency identification (RFID) chip. We tested the hypothesis that this wand device has a successful detection rate of 100%, with 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity.

DESIGN: Prospective, blinded, experimental clinical trial.

SETTING: Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif.

PATIENTS: Eight patients undergoing abdominal or pelvic surgery.

INTERVENTIONS: Eight untagged sponges (1 control per patient) and 28 RFID sponges were placed in the patients. Just before closure, the first surgeon placed 1 RFID sponge (adult laparotomy tape; 18 x 18 in, 4-ply) in the surgical site, while the second surgeon looked away so as to be blinded to sponge placement. The edges of the wound were pulled together so that the inside of the cavity was not exposed during the detection experiments. The second (blinded) surgeon used the wand-scanning device to try to detect the RFID sponge.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A successful detection was defined as detection of an RFID sponge within 1 minute. We also administered a questionnaire to the surgeon and nurse involved in the detections to assess ease of use.

RESULTS: The RFID wand device detected all sponges correctly, in less than 3 seconds on average. There were no false-positive or false-negative results.

CONCLUSIONS: We found a detection accuracy of 100% for the RFID wand device. Despite this engineering success, the possibility of human error and retained sponges remains because handheld scanning can be performed incorrectly.

This issue of CHP/PCOR's quarterly newsletter, which covers news from the spring 2006 quarter, includes articles about:

• a study led by CHP/PCOR trainee Hau Liu which found that teriparatide (Forteo) -- the first in a new class of osteoporosis drugs -- is not cost-effective compared with the most commonly prescribed osteoporosis drug, alendronate (Fosamax), due largely to teriparatide's much higher price;
• an update on projects and priorities at CADMA (the Center on Advancing Decision Making in Aging) and CDEHA (the Center on the Demography and Economics of Health and Aging), two multidisciplinary research centers based at CHP/PCOR that support promising early-stage projects on health, economics and aging;
• an April working trip by CHP/PCOR research assistants Meghan Fay and Raina Mahajan, in which they traveled to San Lucas Toliman, Guatemala, with faculty member Paul Wise, assisting him with various medical treatment and health promotion activities in the region; and
• a meta-analysis led by CHP/PCOR trainee Smita Nayak which evaluated the accuracy of an emerging screening test for osteoporosis -- heel ultrasound -- compared with the standard test, known as DXA. The study found that there is not enough evidence to recommend heel ultrasound over DXA as an osteoporosis screening tool.

Background:

Care remains suboptimal for many patients with hypertension.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of quality improvement (QI) strategies in lowering blood pressure.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE, Cochrane databases, and article bibliographies were searched for this study.

Study Selection:

Trials, controlled before-after studies, and interrupted time series evaluating QI interventions targeting hypertension control and reporting blood pressure outcomes were studied.

Data Extraction:

Two reviewers abstracted data and classified QI strategies into categories: provider education, provider reminders, facilitated relay of clinical information, patient education, self-management, patient reminders, audit and feedback, team change, or financial incentives were extracted.

Data Synthesis:

Forty-four articles reporting 57 comparisons underwent quantitative analysis. Patients in the intervention groups experienced median reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that were 4.5 mm Hg (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.5 to 11.0) and 2.1 mm Hg (IQR: -0.2 to 5.0) greater than observed for control patients. Median increases in the percentage of individuals achieving target goals for SBP and DBP were 16.2% (IQR: 10.3 to 32.2) and 6.0% (IQR: 1.5 to 17.5). Interventions that included team change as a QI strategy were associated with the largest reductions in blood pressure outcomes. All team change studies included assignment of some responsibilities to a health professional other than the patient's physician.

Limitations:

Not all QI strategies have been assessed equally, which limits the power to compare differences in effects between strategies.

Conclusion:

QI strategies are associated with improved hypertension control. A focus on hypertension by someone in addition to the patient's physician was associated with substantial improvement. Future research should examine the contributions of individual QI strategies and their relative costs.